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Old Norse has three categories of verb (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of noun (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in four grammatical cases – nominative, accusative, genitive and dative, in singular and plural. Some pronouns (first and second person) have dual number in addition to singular and plural. The nouns have three grammatical genders – masculine, feminine or neuter - and adjectives and pronouns are declined to match the gender of nouns. The genitive is used partitively, and quite often in compounds and kennings (e.g.: ''Urðarbrunnr'', the well of Urðr; ''Lokasenna'', the gibing of Loki). Most declensions (of nouns and pronouns) use ''-a'' as a regular genitive plural ending, and all declensions use ''-um'' as their dative plural ending. All neuter words have identical nominative and accusative forms,〔Old Norse for Beginners: Grammar Reference - (Neuter nouns )〕 and all feminine words have identical nominative and accusative plurals.〔Old Norse for Beginners: Grammar Reference - (Feminine nouns )〕 The gender of some words' plurals does not agree with that of their singulars, such as ''lim'' and ''mund''.〔References to words labelled heterogeneous in gender: (Lilja-Linditre ); (Muna-Mundr )〕 ==Morphophonology== Conditioned sound changes can cause some forms of a word to mismatch, or match in some words but not others. When speakers can't determine these conditions, but the effects remain, they are re-analyzed by speakers as rules for changing sounds during inflection, the ''morphophonology'' of the language. In this way, the history of a language affects its speakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old Norse morphology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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